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1 Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 14 December 1911 Dessau, Germany[br]German engineer who designed the first jet engine to power an aeroplane successfully.[br]Von Ohain studied engineering at the University of Göttingen, where he carried out research on gas-turbine engines, and centrifugal compressors in particular. In 1935 he patented a design for a jet engine (in Britain, Frank Whittle patented his jet-engine design in 1930). Von Ohain was recruited by the Heinkel company in 1936 to develop an engine for a jet aircraft. Ernst Heinkel was impressed by von Ohain's ideas and gave the project a high priority. The first engine was bench tested in September 1937. A more powerful version was developed and tested in air, suspended beneath a Heinkel dive-bomber, during the spring of 1939. A new airframe was designed to house the revolutionary power plant and designated the Heinkel He 178. A short flight was made on 24 August 1939 and the first recognized flight on 27 August. This important achievement received only a lukewarm response from the German authorities. Von Ohain's turbojet engine had a centrifugal compressor and developed a thrust of 380 kg (837 lb). An improved, more powerful, engine was developed and installed in a new twin-engined fighter design, the He 280. This flew on 2 April 1941 but never progressed beyond the prototype stage. By this time two other German companies, BMW and Junkers, were constructing successful turbojets with axial compressors: luckily for the Allies, Hitler was reluctant to pour his hard-pressed resources into this new breed of jet fighters. After the war, von Ohain emigrated to the United States and worked for the Air Force there.[br]Bibliography1929, "The evolution and future of aeropropulsion system", The Jet Age. 40 Years of Jet Aviation, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.Further ReadingVon Ohain's work is described in many books covering the history of aviation, and aero engines in particular, for example: R.Schlaifer and S.D.Heron, 1950, Development of Aircraft Engines and fuels, Boston. G.G.Smith, 1955, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion.Grover Heiman, 1963, Jet Pioneers.JDSBiographical history of technology > Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
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2 Schaufel
f; -, -n3. am Geweih: palm* * *die Schaufel(Geweih) palm;(Löffel) scoop;(Menge) shovelful;(Turbine) paddle; vane;(Werkzeug) spade; shovel* * *Schau|fel ['ʃaufl]f -, -nshovel; (kleiner: für Mehl, Zucker) scoop; (= Kehrichtschaufel) dustpan; (von Bagger) scoop; (von Schaufelrad) paddle; (von Wasserrad, Turbine) vane; (= Geweihschaufel) palm; (HUNT von Auerhahn) fanzwei Scháúfeln (voll) Sand/Kies — two shovel(ful)s of sand/gravel
* * *die1) (a tool like a spade, with a short handle, used for scooping up and moving coal, gravel etc.) shovel2) (any of several types of spoon-like tool, used for lifting, serving etc: a grain scoop; an ice-cream scoop.) scoop* * *Schau·fel<-, -n>[ˈʃaufl̩]f2. (eine Schaufel voll) shovel, shovelful\Schaufel um \Schaufel by the shovelful4. (am Bagger) shovel6. (von Turbine) blade, vane* * *die; Schaufel, Schaufeln shovel; (für Mehl usw.) scoop; (KehrSchaufel) dustpan* * *3. am Geweih: palm* * *die; Schaufel, Schaufeln shovel; (für Mehl usw.) scoop; (KehrSchaufel) dustpan* * *-n f.blade n.bucket n.scoop n.scoopful n.shovel n.vane n. -
3 Schaufelrad
* * *das Schaufelradbucket wheel; paddle-wheel* * *Schau|fel|radnt(von Dampfer) paddle wheel; (von Turbine) vane wheel, impeller; (von Bagger) bucket wheel* * *(a large wheel fitted with flat pieces of wood, attached to the side or stern of a boat and turned to make it move through the water.) paddle-wheel* * ** * *n.blade wheel n.bucket wheel (opencast mining) n.paddle wheel n. -
4 Schaufel
Schau·fel <-, -n> [ʼʃaufl̩] f1) ( Werkzeug) shovel;(für Mehl o.Ä.) scoop;( für Kehricht) dustpan;(Spielzeug\Schaufel) spade2) (eine \Schaufel voll) shovel, shovelful;\Schaufel um \Schaufel by the shovelful4) ( am Bagger) shovel6) ( von Turbine) blade, vane -
5 Whittle, Sir Frank
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 June 1907 Coventry, England[br]English engineer who developed the first British jet engine.[br]Frank Whittle enlisted in the Royal Air Force (RAF) as an apprentice, and after qualifying as a pilot he developed an interest in the technical aspects of aircraft propulsion. He was convinced that the gas-turbine engine could be adapted for use in aircraft, but he could not convince the Air Ministry, who turned down the proposal. Nevertheless, Whittle applied for a patent for his turbojet engine the following year, 1930. While still in the RAF, he was allowed time to study for a degree at Cambridge University and carry out postgraduate research (1934–7). By 1936 the official attitude had changed, and a company called Power Jets Ltd was set up to develop Whittle's jet engine. On 12 April 1937 the experimental engine was bench-tested. After further development, an official order was placed in March 1938. Whittle's engine had a centrifugal compressor, ten combustion chambers and a turbine to drive the compressor; all the power output came from the jet of hot gases.In 1939 an experimental aircraft was ordered from the Gloster Aircraft Company, the E 28/39, to house the Whittle W1 engine, and this made its first flight on 15 May 1941. A development of the W1 by Rolls-Royce, the Welland, was used to power the twin-engined Gloster Meteor fighter, which saw service with the RAF in 1944. Whittle retired from the RAF in 1948 and became a consultant. From 1977 he lived in the United States. Comparisons between the work of Whittle and Hans von Ohain show that each of the two engineers developed his engine without knowledge of the other's work. Whittle was the first to take out a patent, Ohain achieved the first flight; the Whittle engine and its derivatives, however, played a much greater role in the history of the jet engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. Commander of the Order of the Bath 1947. Order of Merit 1986. FRS 1947. Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.Bibliography1953, Jet, London (an account not only of his technical problems, but also of the difficulties with civil servants, politicians and commercial organizations).Further ReadingJ.Golley, 1987, Whittle: The True Story, Shrewsbury (this author based his work on Jet, but carried out research, aided by Whittle, to give a fuller account with the benefit of hindsight).JDS -
6 Nadel
f <tech.allg> (klein, meist spitz) ■ needle; pinf <tech.allg> (in einem Prozessparameter; z.B. Drucknadel) ■ spikef <av> (Plattenspieler) ■ stylusf <energ.hydr> (Pelton-Turbine) ■ nozzle valve; needlef <kfz.msr> (allg.; z.B. von Anzeigeinstrument, SU-Vergaser) ■ needlef < kst> ■ needle; sealing needle; pin -
7 Ablenkeinrichtung
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8 Ablenker
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9 axialer Propeller
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10 Axiallaufrad
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11 Axialläufer
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12 Axialpropeller
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13 Axialrad
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14 Diffusor
m <tech.allg> (für strömende Medien, Strahlen; z.B. für Gas, Wasser, Licht) ■ diffuser; diffusor rarem < masch> (zur Reduzierung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und Druckerhöhung) ■ diffuser; recuperator; diffusing system; diffuser system; vaned diffuser -
15 Gegenring
m < masch> (feststehender Ring von Gleitringdichtungen; z.B. in Pumpen) ■ stationary seal ring; stationary element; stationary seat; stationary seal face -
16 Gehäuse
n <tech.allg> (betont: äußere Hülle, Schale) ■ shell; casen <tech.allg> (betont: Abdeckung) ■ covern <tech.allg> (relativ groß, kastenförmig, eher dünnwandig; z.B. Schrank) ■ cabinet; housingn <tech.allg> (allg.) ■ body; casing; housingn <el> (insbes. von IC-Bausteinen) ■ enclosuren <ic> (für Chips, ICs) ■ package -
17 lastabhängig
<tech.allg> (gesteuert von der anliegenden Last) ■ load-controlled; load-sensitive; load-dependent rare<tech.allg> (Verhalten, Wirkungsgrad; z.B. E-Motor, Turbine) ■ depending on load -
18 Teillastbetrieb
m <tech.allg> (von Systemen und Komponenten allg.; z.B. Motor, Pumpe, Turbine) ■ part-load operation; partial load operation -
19 Verbrennungswirkungsgrad
German-english technical dictionary > Verbrennungswirkungsgrad
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20 Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 June 1886 Massone, Italyd. 29 October 1957 Rome, Italy[br]Italian aircraft designer and manufacturer, well known for his early large-aircraft designs.[br]Gianni Caproni studied civil and electrical engineering in Munich and Liège before moving on to Paris, where he developed an interest in aeronautics. He built his first aircraft in 1910, a biplane with a tricycle undercarriage (which has been claimed as the world's first tricycle undercarriage). Caproni and his brother, Dr Fred Caproni, set up a factory at Malpensa in northern Italy and produced a series of monoplanes and biplanes. In 1913 Caproni astounded the aviation world with his Ca 30 three-engined biplane bomber. There followed many variations, of which the most significant were the Ca 32 of 1915, the first large bomber to enter service in significant numbers, and the Ca 42 triplane of 1917 with a wing span of almost 30 metres.After the First World War, Caproni designed an even larger aircraft with three pairs of triplane wings (i.e. nine wings each of 30 metres span) and eight engines. This Ca 60 flying boat was designed to carry 100 passengers. In 1921 it made one short flight lightly loaded; however, with a load of sandbags representing sixty passengers, it crashed soon after take-off. The project was abandoned but Caproni's company prospered and expanded to become one of the largest groups of companies in Italy. In the 1930s Caproni aircraft twice broke the world altitude record. Several Caproni types were in service when Italy entered the Second World War, and an unusual research aircraft was under development. The Caproni-Campini No. 1 (CC2) was a jet, but it did not have a gas-turbine engine. Dr Campini's engine used a piston engine to drive a compressor which forced air out through a nozzle, and by burning fuel in this airstream a jet was produced. It flew with limited success in August 1940, amid much publicity: the first German jet (1939) and the first British jet (1941) were both flown in secret. Caproni retained many of his early aircraft for his private museum, including some salvaged parts from his monstrous flying boat.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Conte di Taliedo 1940.Further ReadingDizionario biografico degli Italiani, 1976, Vol. XIX.The Caproni Museum has published two books on the Caproni aeroplanes: Gli Aeroplani Caproni -1909–1935 and Gli Aeroplani Caproni dal 1935 in poi. See also Jane'sfighting Aircraft of World War 1; 1919, republished 1990.JDSBiographical history of technology > Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo
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